Underprotective and Overactive Pain Perception: Problems and Possible Solutions :: Biology Biological Pain Papers

Underprotective and Overactive Pain Perception: Problems and Possible Solutions Pain is probably one of the most universal perceptions that humans, or indeed any animal, can experience. From stress headaches to stubbing one's toe, we come into contact with pain on a daily basis. This is normal data about the experience of pain. However, there are several groups of people that do not feel pain in a common way. Either they don't feel enough pain to tell them that something is wrong, as in the cases of lepers and some diabetics, or they have too much pain, as in the cases of some diabetics, people with phantom limb pain, cancer victims, stroke victims, and other diseases of the brain or spinal cord (Casey, 1996). The effects of pain on these people is in many cases debilitating; their normal lives are likely gone or, at best, on hiatus. These reasons are incentive enough for scientists trying to discover more ways to eradicate wanton pain (or the absence of pain) because there is a threat that many of us, at some point, will be subject to these same problems. The first case of underprotective pain perception that will be discussed is that of leprosy. Leprosy is a bacterial pathogen (M. leprae) that attacks the peripherial nervous system in humans and is the leading cause of peripheral nerve disease in the world. The bacteria attack the Scwann cells that form the myelin sheath around nerve fibers. Without the protection and insulation of the myelin sheath, nerve cells fire inefficiently. The net results of this bacterial infection are skin lesions and damage to the nerves, mainly in the extremities and facial area (Henderson, 1998) . The result of the nerve damage that is pertinant to this topic is the loss of sensation. This lack of feeling complicates normal living: the person with leprosy is not able to identify cuts or burns on his or her skin. Without the protection of normal pain responses, this person could conceivably fail to notice for quite some time that he has been injured and therefore not take further conscious protective measures such as cleaning the cut with alcohol or treating the burn with salve. The effects of this lack of protective sensation are grim: lesions and eventual deformities result from the lack of care given to the body. Although luckily the bacteria can be killed with a month-long course of several drugs, unfortunately the nerve damage is permanent (Henderson, 1998).

Food is Art Essay

According to writer, Albert Camus, â€Å"Great works are often born on a street corner or in a restaurants revolving door. † A good restaurant should contain a luminous environment, delicious food, and have a friendly staff. Benihanas excels in all of these categories, which is what makes it such a great restaurant. Now let me tell you a few reasons why this restaurant is so good. Benihanas has a beautiful environment from the exterior to the interior. When you first walk up you notice that the exterior always is well picked up and the bushes are always trimmed and the paint looks always new. There is a waiter waiting to open the doors for your entrance and direct you to the bar while you wait, that is if you need to be waited. The inside always has wiped down tables, fresh plates, and silverware that are neatly folded in a napkin. There is beautiful Japanese art like Samurai Soldiers, Straight 2 Buddha’s and cherry blossom plants that fill the walls. The restaurant makes you feel like you are relaxed, comfortable, and at peace. In addition to their great art and good environment, they have amazing food. The most interesting fact about Benihanas is that they cook on an amazing hibachi grill. They serve fried rice, filet minion, shrimp, scallops, and calamari all cooked to your taste. Dinner comes with a salad and onion soup as a side dish or sushi rolls if you choose to order them. The chefs, while cooking, perform countless tricks. One is known as the â€Å"egg roll†, which is when they spin the egg and make it roll down the spatula before they break it and add it to the rice. The other is the onion volcano were they stack the onion layers on top of one another and add oil to the inside and then the heat from the grill causes smoke to rise above the onion shaped volcano. Lastly the heart beat rice, they shape the rice into a heart and put their spatula underneath it and pump it as if the rice has a rapid heartbeat. The best part is seeing them cook right in front of you so you know the food is fresh, cooked right, and not tampered with. That being said along with their amazing food they also have an amazing staff. Benihanas staff is wonderful and they have the friendliest individuals with great personalities that make your time there really fun and interesting. When you first walk in depending on what time you go of course, they greet you with the most welcoming of smiles. They have you seated and treat you with the utpmost respect and pay attention Straight 3 to each detail to make sure you get the best satisfaction. The chefs entertain you the whole time by either making jokes or doing funny tricks to make sure everyone is having a good time, so they really interact with their guest to make you feel like you’re at home with a bunch of family and friends. The waitresses and waiters always make sure you are enjoying your meal as well. From a recent experience, I had dropped my pop on the floor, which to my dismay I was as a red as a siracha bottle. She told me it was ok which made me feel safe and less embarrassed. Benihanas is the best Japanese restaurant. Yes there are other hibachi grills but nothing compares to Benihanas. They have a wonderful, fun, and clean environment with amazing food and a wonderful staff. The chefs and waitresses always make sure your well taken care of and that you have a good time. This will always be a restaurant I want to go to, and I will always crave the hibachi grill. and iIf you don’t believe me, thean go see for yourself. Evaluation Essay Grading Rubric ENG 121 Instructor: Kathy Mullins Student: Brittney Outstanding Strong Adequate Limited / Unacceptable Writer’s Approach analysis presents fresh and defensible insights into the topic academic in tone, demonstrating a clear sense of purpose and audience writer’s voice is evident—confident, competent, and sophisticated vocabulary and phrasing are academically appropriate and persuasive writer is clearly engaged with and moved by her/his thinking process Audience The writer clearly conveys through tone, vocabulary, and approach that he/she has identified a specific audience for the essay. Introduction engaging introduces the essay’s general topic and inspires thinking about that topic logically proceeds to thesis (if appropriate) clearly written or revised to reflect thoughts that developed during the writing process Thesis easily identifiable, well-phrased argument that addresses a specific idea to be analyzed and proven in the essay reflects sound critical, analytical thinking entire essay remains focused on this clear thesis Body Paragraphs each paragraph focuses on a single point that is clearly connected to the thesis graceful and logical transitions between ideas within the paragraph and from paragraph to paragraph. Conclusion The conclusion does more than simply summarize the points of each paragraph. In short, it sizzles instead of fizzles. Outside Sources writer makes sophisticated, insightful points and uses concrete details from at least _____ reputable outside sources to support these points and the thesis powerfully chosen evidence is thoroughly examined, explained, and clearly relevant to the thesis ratio of outside sources to writer’s words/ideas does not exceed (roughly) 20/80 Direct quotes, summaries, and paraphrases always include a â€Å"signal phrase† to introduce the source, establish credibility, and provide context for the source Quotes are followed by analysis, explanation, interpretation, examples, etc. Appropriate MLA in-text citations used Paraphrases (or summaries) were clearly written by the student and do not reflect a â€Å"copy-paste-change-a-few-words† approach Not applicable Works Cited appropriately formatted Works Cited page that follows all MLA rules and conventions Works Cited entries match appropriately formatted in-text citations Not applicable Mechanics, Syntax, and Grammar Effective mechanics, syntax, and grammar demonstrate a mastery of writing conventions, do not confuse or distract the reader, and serve the author’s purpose. Other (for specific writing assignments): The writer has identified clear and specific criteria for the evaluation. The essay is between 2 ? and 3 pages long. It is double-spaced, uses 12 point Times New Roman font, and has the appropriate headers. Writing Workshop – The writer brought the assigned number of printed copies of a complete rough draft to the writing workshop(s) and fully participated in the peer review process. WORKSHOP POINTS See D2L Gradebook TOTAL ESSAY POINTS 40/50 Mid-Point Writing Reflection (and Kathy’s response) Here is what you wrote on the D2L Discussion Board as you were in the process of writing this essay. We did not do this with the first essay. This section is for essays 2 – 5. Dear Kathy Letter (and Kathy’s response) Here is what you wrote when you were finished with your essay. Dear Kathy, I think my paper wasn’t necessarily hard but I did think I could have put more similes or more details in there to make it sound a little better. I did struggle a bit knowing exactly how to write an evaluation, but I did read the evaluations in the book but I just couldn’t understand the steps to follow. So I went ahead and printed an evaluation outline which helped a lot and writing the paper ran more smoothly. I would like a lot of feedback in the detail area and I would like it if you could help me find areas in the paper that I can brighten more. I feel that I should use Purdue owl or perhaps read a poem or something to get an idea of how to lighten up my writing. Since my last essay reflection I feel I have gotten better with my grammar and my punctuation. Brittney, your strength in this essay is definitely organization. I’m glad you looked online for an example outline. Way to be resourceful! ? One thing to watch out for is that you stick with the criteria you identify for your evaluation. You tell your reader that a good restaurant should have â€Å"delicious food,† but you never once describe the mouthwatering, savory goodness of Benihanas’ food! I also agree that you could â€Å"lighten up† your writing, but I think you’re making great progress already. I could see good examples of descriptive writing throughout your essay. I think it will just take practice to make it feel more natural. You’re definitely on the right track! I’m looking forward to reading your next essay. Kathy Reflection on Personal Writing Goals (and Kathy’s response) Here is what you wrote about your progress toward your self-identified writing goals. You have not set goals yet. This section is for essays 2 – 5. WRITING PLAN Follow the instructions in each of the sections below. When you are finished, upload the new document to the appropriate D2L Dropbox by the specified due date. Reflection on Feedback Re-read your essay. As you read your words, stop and read the feedback I wrote in the margins of your essay. Also look at the grading rubric and my comments at the end of your essay. In the space below, reflect on this feedback: What feedback made the most sense or was the most helpful? Be specific. (â€Å"When you said, _____, I realized ______. †) Did any of my feedback confuse you? If so, what was it? Again, be specific. Now that you have a fresh perspective on your essay, what do you like best about your writing? Writing Goals and Plans Identify 1 or 2 goals for your next essay. Goals do not have to be related to my feedback. They can be about any part of the writing process, but they should not be about grammar! Goal One: How will you work on this goal? What, specifically, will you do? Goal Two: How will you work on this goal? What, specifically, will you do? Editing Challenge What is your editing challenge for your next essay? (I will identify an â€Å"Editing Challenge† somewhere in your essay. ) Run-on sentences How did you learn about your topic? Highlight all that apply. How to Write Anything textbook Writer’s Help (www. writershelp. com) Video (list video creator/site below) Website (list website below) A friend/parent A teacher Writing Center consultant Writing Center handout Grammar guide/book (list title below) Other (please explain) Tell me, in your own words, about this topic. What are the rules/best practices? Write the original AND the edited version of your highlighted sentence here. (If you did not have a highlighted sentence, just write â€Å"N/A† here. ) Upload this new document to the appropriate D2L Dropbox by 8:35 am on March 3! Grading Rubric Points Criteria 8 – 10 Each section of the Essay Reflection is complete, and the quality of the work reflects obvious care, interest, and a true commitment to improving your writing practice. 6 – 7 Each section of the Essay Reflection is complete, but one or more sections may be overly brief or lacking depth. 1 – 5 Limited responses and/or incomplete sections. 0 Essay Reflection not turned in.

Plastic Surgery Essay - 1741 Words

The first career that interested me was plastic surgery. Plastic surgery deals with the repair, reconstruction, or replacement of physical defects of form or function involving the skin, musculoskeletal system, cranio and maxillofacial structures, hand, extremities, breast and trunk, and external genitalia† Plastic surgery is divided into two different categories cosmetic surgery and reconstructive surgery. Cosmetic plastic surgery is focused on enhancing people’s appearance. Improving aesthetic appeal, symmetry, and proportion are the key goals. Cosmetic surgery can be performed on all areas of the head, neck, and body. Because the treated areas function properly, cosmetic surgery is elective. Cosmetic surgery is practiced by doctors from†¦show more content†¦If you attend a traditional allopathic medical school, you will earn a Medical Doctor (M.D.) degree. Alternatively, if you attend an osteopathic medical school, which places more emphasis on the musculoske letal system and preventative medicine, you will earn a Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.) degree. All physicians must earn a license in order to practice medicine in the United States. If you are an M.D., you need to pass the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE). If you are a D.O., you must pass the Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Exam (COMLEX). The USMLE and COMLEX consist of three parts and test candidates on how well they apply basic science concepts to the practice of medicine. After you become a licensed physician, you have two options for plastic surgery training. You can complete three years in a general surgery residency followed by a 3-year plastic surgery residency, or you can complete a 6-year integrated residency that includes both types of training. During your general surgery training, you complete clinical rotations in different types of surgery, such as abdominal, breast, pediatric, trauma, cardiothoracic and neurological surgery. Your plastic surgery training will include further rotations in areas like cosmetic, hand, reconstructive, laser, maxillofacial, otolaryngology and oculoplasticShow MoreRelated Plastic Surgery Essay1086 Words   |  5 Pages Have you ever considered having plastic surgery? After reading this paper you might want the surgery or you might not. Plastic surgery, a form of art, can reconstruct your body and renew your confidence but can you accept the risks involved?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Plastic surgery ranges from one- thousand dollars to three- thousand dollars or more depending on the surgery (Body fat reduction: Suction-Assisted Lipectomy). There are plenty types of plastic surgery. One type is called liposuction. The best candidatesRead MorePlastic Surgery Essay1296 Words   |  6 PagesWhen you hear the phrase â€Å"Plastic Surgery† what comes to mind? Maybe dangerous, and risky, or do you think about the scalpel and all the cutting and all the blood? I myself think about how it’s only for rich celebrities who have a couple extra hundreds of thousands of dollars to spend. We have a bad habit of overlooking all the good things that plastic surgery can achieve. From life altering surgeries and saving lives, by highly qualified surgeons, to giving people more confidence and getting ridRead MoreEssay on Overview of Plastic Surgery1611 Words   |  7 Pages Plastic surgery is a corrective specialty that is used for personal or medical purposes. Many people think about plastic surgery is just used for making your nose smaller or breasts bigger, when actually it is used for much more. For example, plastic surgery can also help someone who has gotten burned, by placing skin from another part of the body to the burn. Plastic surgery is primarily used for fixing themselves because they feel self-conscious or feel uncomfortableRead MorePlastic Surgery Essay1017 Words   |  5 PagesPlastic Surgery Most of us dont like some aspect of our appearance, whether its sagging eyes or excess weight in particular areas, to name a few complaints. Lately a record numbers of Americans are doing something about it by having plastic surgery. Since 1995, the number of cosmetic procedures, which range from liposuction to facelifts, has almost tripled (English 23). Is that a healthy choice-or a dangerous trend? Aging has become the field of the future for plastic surgeons whose patientsRead MoreThe Dangers of Plastic Surgery Essay1505 Words   |  7 PagesPlastic surgery is becoming a widespread pandemic in the United States. More and more people everyday are electing to take this surgery which, for many people, is an unnecessary change to their body. People in this country and around the world need to realize the dangers and consequences of choosing this surgery. In the United States, there should be increased restrictions on plastic surgery because it would help people better understand the risks and stop some from taking the unnecessary surgeryRead More Media and Plastic Surgery Essay883 Words   |  4 PagesMedia and Plastic Surgery Images produced by the media will make people do almost anything to fit American standards of the perfect body. Plastic surgery offers a quick fix to help achieve this goal but no matter how much surgery nothing is perfect. Images produced by media, quick fixes and the outcome of the fixes are problems that women of all ages deal with. From the time of birth, images of physical perfection bombard young minds. When children are young their minds are fragile and moldRead MorePlastic Surgery Essay1788 Words   |  8 Pagesare paying thousands of dollars to have plastic surgery done to enhance this unreal beauty. Sadly, reality is that beauty is now seen as having the bigger breast, the perfect smile, zero body fat, and the perfectly chiseled nose. More and more people are turning to plastic surgery as a way to make them happy about their appearances and boost their self-esteem in a quick and easy process. But reality is, plastic surgery has major side effects. Plastic surgery causes more physical and emotional damageRead More Plastic Surgery Essay2497 Words   |  10 Pagesones worst enemy. Who will save us from the evil signs of ageing? A plastic surgeon! Because of the rising economy, cosmetic surgery is now more affordable, which creates great demand for such services. In return, creates a great wave of several different health care providers to become plastic surgeons. Because many are demanding services concerning the enhancement of appearances, cosmetic surgery is widely performed by plastic surgeons. Over the years, cosmetic procedures became more safe andRead MorePlastic Surgery Essay1925 Words   |  8 PagesHow Plastic Surgery Helped Reshape the World As we see throughout the years, plastic surgery also known as cosmetic surgery has become more and more popular every year. Plastic surgery has increased to nine percent from 2000 to 2001. There are many various types of procedures that could make the body the way the person prefers it to be. The most popular surgeries that are performed include facial reconstruction, liposuction, breast implant, arm, thigh, and many more. The word plastic in plasticRead MoreEssay on The Risks of Plastic Surgery1011 Words   |  5 Pagesfeel good about physical appearance, plastic surgery comes with many life-threatening risks, that often times are not even necessary. Even though plastic surgery comes in handy in certain cases, people manage to take it to a whole other level, even as far as an obsession. That is where something good turns into a psychological problem. If the outcome can do more damage than good, it probably is not a wise decision. Medical Reasons The only reason why plastic surgery is necessary for medical reasons

The Onions MagnaSoles Advertisement Analysis - 774 Words

With products such as Shamwow, Oxyclean, and the Bowflex, flooding our modern-day market, it seems as though today’s advertisement challenges the intelligence of the American populace with a single daunting task, to force people to stop thinking rationally. Intelligence is measured upon a variety of elements all stemming from rational thought; The Onion satirizes the seemingly infinite quantity of irrational thought in the world today, in an ad for a new and improved, $19.95 (plus shipping and handling), solution to any person’s foot problems. â€Å"MagnaSoles† depicts the gullibility of people by showing their reliance on various modes of the media to obtain information. In this case, lustrous qualities lure the customer, while other†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"†¦harmonic energy field rearranges the foot’s naturally occurring atoms, converting the pain-nuclei into pleasing comfortrons.† These words were created by pseudoscientists t o convince us you will feel better by using recognizable sounding words. These words sound believable to everybody that isn’t a pseudoscientist as a result of hearing the familiar â€Å"-tron†, thus assuming that it is a widely used word. As a result of the general public being brainwashed for many years via advertisement, they turn off their common sense and pretend to be well versed in the language of the, oh-so-complex, pseudoscience. Hence, the advertisers for the miracle product, â€Å"MagnaSoles†, have successfully proven that jargon saves lives and adds credibility to any statement. Advertisement has been successful in their crusade to stop the spread of the heretical knowledge, but has done it in such a transparent way that it is now being cured by common sense. The Onion, in a witty and satirical fashion, successfully captures the lack of intelligence in the world of advertising. Unless, of course, the pseudoscientists say otherwise. Hamleton, George. Magna Soles. The Onion (2007): 32-32.

Essay on Legal Article Review - 2785 Words

* Article or Case Law Search Resource: Article or Case Law Search Grading Criteria Find an article or a current legal case involving one of the following: * A critical regulatory issue in health care * A critical regulatory issue specific to institutional health care ------------------------------------------------- Write a 700- to 1,050-word analysis of the article or legal case and prepare to present how the issue in the article or legal case relates to the nature, sources, and functions of the law. References Health Care Issues Brief- Acute Care (1997-2012). Retrieved from http://www.asha.org/slp/healthcare/acute_care.htm Changes Impacting Speech-Language Pathology Practice In An Acute Care Medical Setting†¦show more content†¦1. Aging Population * People are living longer. * End of life is being prolonged through medical advances and technology. * Different issues are being considered: quality versus quantity of life and risks versus benefits; e.g., eating for pleasure despite risks. 2. Acuity * Patients with acute illnesses are surviving longer due to expanded medical knowledge, available procedures and medical technology. Therefore speech-language pathologists are seeing patients with higher acuity levels. * Speech-language pathologists are being asked to address increasingly complex questions (e.g., managing a patient with dysphagia following a gastric pull-up procedure). 3. Advances in Medicine and Technology * Medical advances are leading to decreased sequelae after initial trauma/insult; e.g., sequelae of neurologic deficits following stroke are declining. * Surgical, pharmacological, and prosthetic interventions are reducing and replacing the need for behavioral therapy; (e.g., laryngeal surgery, tracheoesophageal prosthesis, Mestinon, thymectomy.) 4. Culturally Diverse Population * A more culturally diverse patient population is requiring providers to establish cultural competency by having improved knowledge of different cultural perspectivesShow MoreRelatedLegal Aspects of Diversity Article Review Essay900 Words   |  4 Pages Reference Forsyth, J. (2011, September 22). Bass pro shops accused of discrimination, racial slurs. Reuters. Retrieved from: http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/09/22/us-race-bassproshops- idUSTRE78L4K820110922 Bass pro shops: The story. (2012, March 01). Retrieved from http://www.basspro.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/CFPageC?storeId=10151amp;catalogId=10001amp;langId=-1amp;appID=659 Read MoreFinancial Services Essay707 Words   |  3 Pagesfor 2017. It is hard to believe the year is already drawing to a close! Our holiday edition of the newsletter is one of our biggest. This month’s articles will stimulate our minds by providing timely commentary on recent regulatory developments and useful guidance on handling legal and commercial issues in practice. Let us begin with an article on the hot topic of ICOs. ICO stands for Initial Coin Offering. Editorial board member Andrea Beatty and her co-author Daniel Taha (Keypoint Law) takeRead MoreThe Death Penalty : Costly, Counterproductive, And Corrupting1678 Words   |  7 PagesBright, Stephen B.: The death penalty as the answer to crime: costly, counterproductive and corrupting; 35 Santa Clara Law Review 1211 (1995) Summary paragraph: In Stephen Bright’s article, â€Å"The Death Penalty as the Answer to Crime: Costly, Counterproductive, and Corrupting† Bright asserts that capital punishment does not work because it is racially biased, the quality of the lawyers and attorneys supplied by the state to poor defendants is unfair, and that the law system currently in place doesRead MoreRestraints Review Of Qualitative And Quantitative Studies1517 Words   |  7 PagesRestraints Review of Qualitative and Quantitative studies The purpose of this paper is to critique the research article, Mohler Meyer’s â€Å"Attitude of nurses towards the use of restraints in geriatric care: A systemic review of qualitative and quantitative study 2014. The incident I am going to discuss in this paper is of Mr. P., an 85-year-old man, admitted to this facility about 4 months ago. His history includes coronary heart disease, cataract, dementia, hypertension, macular degeneration andRead MoreCase Study : Good Or Service773 Words   |  4 Pagesbecame tilted. Gulash brought suit, alleging that Stylarama had violated several provisions of Article 2 of the UCC. Is this transaction one involving goods, making it subject to Article 2? Gulash v. Stylarama, 33 Conn.Supp. 108, 364 A.2d 1221, Web 1975 Conn.Super. Lexis 209 (Superior Court of Connecticut) (Cheesman, 2010, p. 292). Introduction This review will address several issues associated with the legal, business, and ethics related to the case. First, it will address the legality of the caseRead MoreLegal Issues of Performance Management1106 Words   |  5 PagesLegal Issues of Performance Management Legal issues associated with a performance management system can vary, but as Herman Aguinis states â€Å"performance management systems that are fair and acceptable to the employees are also legally sound† (Aguinis, 2013). The following paper will review some of the most common mistakes found in performance management systems that allow for legal implications to take place. The primary focus will be directed towards procedural standardization and implementingRead MoreAn Essay Likely About Nothing1334 Words   |  6 Pagesfor human subject protection? a) The Public Health Service (PHS) syphilis study b) Nazi medical experiments c) Jewish chronic disease study d) Obedience to authority study (Milgram study) 160) IRB continuing review of an approved protocol must: a) Must occur only when the level of risk changes. b) Occur at least annually. c) Must be conducted by a convened IRB. d) Include copies of all signed consent forms. 161) A subject in a clinical research trial experiences a serious, unanticipatedRead MoreManaging Customer Perceptions of the Business Environment for Competitive Advantage1743 Words   |  7 PagesPredrag Basic BA 656 01/16/2011 Article Critique: Managing customer perceptions of the business environment for competitive advantage By: Toni Hilton, PhD Westminster Business School, UK and Warwick Jones, PhD University of the West of England, UK Journal of Customer Behavior, 2010, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 265-281 Article Summary Per Bendapudi and Berry, the environmental influences consumer behavior but does not influence consumers’ trust. Organizations have to research extentRead MoreCompetency And Competency For Stand Trial986 Words   |  4 Pages[Electronic Version]. Applied Psychology in Criminal Justice, 2(3), 82-113. Summary: This article was written by Randy K. Otto fir the journal, Applied Psychology in Criminal Justice. The subject of this article is to review the legal framework regarding competency to stand trial, or competency to proceed, as it pertains to our current court system, provide a recommend format for competency evaluations, and review special topics and/or related issues. Competency to stand trial is defined as â€Å"the abilityRead MoreWhat Are The Two Primary Functions Of The U.s. Constitution? Essay871 Words   |  4 PagesS. Constitution is to protect individual’s rights from governmental overreaching. 2. What is the power of judicial review, and why is it so important to our legal system? -The power of the judicial review is â€Å"A court’s power to review statutes to decide if they conform to the U.S. or state constitutions†. It is important to our legal system to have the power of the judicial review as a tool to the disposal of the courts when conflicts arise within the law or constitution. 3a. Read the excerpts

The Impact of Internet on Politics free essay sample

Impact of Internet on Politics The use of internet in the 2004, and most recently in the 2008 elections was so huge due to its role. The internet has significantly changed the political process because it allowed candidates and voters to connect and gain access to political process in a fashion not previously available. Facebook, Twitter, MySpace, and candidates own social networking sites, such as Senator Barack Obamas MyBarackObama. om and Senator John McCains McCainspace, were used during the 2008 presidential elections campaign to connect to the voters, raise funds, post campaign ads, organize meetings. This usage of the internet has enhanced the degree of participation of interested ordinary citizens and small interest groups in politics. It also gave the average citizen the opportunity to be engaged politically via airing opinion on platforms including YouTube, iTunes, and Facebook by uploading personal videos in support of or against a candidate. Based on the result of the research by Pew Internet American Life project on the role of internet in the 2008 elections, Some 74% of internet usersrepresenting 55% of the entire adult populationwent online in 2008 to get involved in the political process or to get news and information about the election. We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of Internet on Politics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † These statistics are an indication of internet influence on the political process because it allowed and made it easier for more people to participate in political activities. In recent years, blog sites have been the avenue for political discourse on the internet, they have reshaped the way politician, and the populace approached the political process. Candidates are now turning to the use of blog as evident during the 2008 presidential election, when all candidates maintained a blog site, for example, Senator Hillary Clintons blog. hillary. com, Senator Barack Obamas my. barackobama. com, and Senator John McCains www. johnmccain. com/blog. Candidates used it to update and inform the public and supporters of their views of current events and issues that are important to them, which enabled candidates to be more transparent and communicative. According to ABC news report, in the second quarter of 2003, Gov. Howard Dean raised $7. 6 million toward his 2004 presidential election campaign through the internet. This was a huge amount for a candidate that lacked a traditional fundraising network. Fundraising for the 2008 elections through the internet was more successful compared to previous elections. Jose Antonio Vargas of Washington post Obama Raised Half a Billion Online report states that Triple O, Obamas Online operation revealed that, 3 million donors made a total of 6. 5 million donations online adding up to $500 million. This online donation is more than 80 percent of the record-breaking $600 million raised during the entire campaign. The affordability and easy access of the internet compared to older technology enabled candidates to reach more people faster at nearly zero dollar and also allowed individuals to react quickly, directly, anytime, and anywhere. For example, Jose Antonio Vargass report also quotes data from OPOs Online Political Operatives below Obamas e-mail list contains upward of 13 million addressees. Over the course of the campaign, aides sent more than 7,000 messages, in total more than 1 billion e-mails landed in inbox. In future elections, candidates successes at the poll might be determined by their ability to successfully use the internet to reach out and connect to broader audience, as it contributed to President Barack Obama success at the 2008 election. Older technology such as radio and television are still relevant but the internet also played a major role in the recent political process because it enhanced the participation of all and sundry during the 2008 elections. Work cited http://abcnews. go. com/sections/politics/TheNote/TheNote_July16. html http://www. pewinternet. org/Reports/2009/6The-Internets-Role-in-Campaign-2008. aspx Obama raised half a billion online can be found http://voices. washingtonpost. com/44/2008/11/20/0bama_raised-half_a_billion_on. htm

Analyses Of The Nanosonics Matter And Its Usage In The Auditing Field

Question: Discuss about the Analyses Of The Nanosonics Matter And Its Usage In The Auditing Field. Answer: Introduction Auditing standards for an auditor is like a holy book. All the ones involved in the auditing field have to obey the standards, Negligence and breach of any rule of the auditing standards will result in serious violation and strict actions. All the techniques and the policies that are required by an auditor to follow in order to carry an audit of the financial statements are inscribed in the auditing standards (Elder et. al, 2010). When a new auditor is hired then it is his duty to write to the outgoing auditor in order to gain knowledge about the audit he is going to carry on so to eliminate any sources of vulnerability against his professional career and his accolades. All the audit plans made should be clear, concise and infallible and should be in direct consideration with the points mentioned below. The plan shall include the following steps: The first work in the to-do-list involves interaction with the outgoing auditor which ensures that the company is fit to join and has no discrepancy in the previous financial statements. The second step to follow is that the incoming auditor writes a letter to the company management about his personal terms and conditions. Only upon approval by the management, the auditor is hired. This is a process to set up friendly relations with the company management as per the auditing standard 210. The auditing plan to be taken up is decided by both the auditor and the management with mutual agreement by both the sides (Fazal, 2013). Key Information: Gaining an understanding of the client As mentioned earlier, the auditor and the management have to agree upon some terms and conditions and also some plans which makes the deal valid. In the early stage of the auditing, the auditor thoroughly checks that the policies and the processes taken up by the company are suitable, in respect to the auditing standard 220. As the audit of the financial statements are carried on by the auditor, it is the duty of the appointment partner to see that all the policies are well-understood by the auditor and he works within it (Baldwin, 2010). The appointment partner must also see that the policies taken up by the company are positively used and applied by the auditor. The transparency of the financial statements should also be checked by the appointment partner. The compilation of the audit is done in consideration to the auditing standard 30. Paperwork presenting the auditing of the financial statements, troubles that can rise if the auditing papers are lost, and the copyright of the papers are some of the key points that the auditing plan should include from the starting. The auditor need to get familiar and must thorough the policies that the company is following only after which the auditing must be allowed to get on track (Gay Simnet, 2015). Along with the policies it is also important to understand the mode and types of transaction and the auditing environment of the company. It is important that all information regarding the nonessential, first priority and the supportive laws are made thorough top the auditor (Cappelleto, 2010). The choosing of the auditing process is a much later work. First it is the duty and responsibility that to have clear knowledge of the conditions of the company and if material risk has been detected then it has been dealt with the laws of governance and only after full satisfaction that the company is not a fraudulent one and there is no case of any misstatements on the part of the company the auditor may start the process of auditing for the company. Nanosonics Ltd In relation to the audit plan of Nanosonics, several approaches must be taken into account. The company is primarily an innovator in the prevention of infection and for such purpose, its automated and unique EPR high-level disinfection device allows it set a new care standard in ultrasound practices of probe disinfection (Nanosonics, 2017). The companys inherent risk is already high in nature owing to its volume of risky activities that can also cause damage to the third parties. Besides, the scale of operations of the company is also higher in nature that can result in possibilities of errors, misstatements, and frauds within the organizational framework. This is the reason why traceability is needed in documenting and monitoring equipment reprocessing. As an auditor, the records maintained by the company cannot be relied upon and therefore, proper vigilance is needed as well. The appointment letter to the auditor includes the wage that the auditor will be provided. The auditing process is accepted with a positive feeling by both the sides which proceeds to audit planning. Skilled work and processes in the field of auditing is appreciated but keeping the basic techniques intact is also very important, and one of the basic functions is to question the employees of the company. Questioning the employees would give the auditor a transparent view of the framework and the working of the company at a large. The second basic priority is to effectively choose the auditing staff to carry on the processes. This includes the allotment of work to skilled professionals, non-skilled and the average-skilled workers. This step should be taken very precisely and with utter correctness (Geoffrey et. al, 2016). A weighed mixture of professionals can prove to be a very positive set to carry on the auditing processes. The following and creation of the to-do-list is very important once the auditing is started. Auditors can start with cash and bank account audit which is guaranteed to involve only minor expenses. As per the over-the-year records, it is seen that the cash and bank transaction have a hike and are increasing on a constant basis. Because of the above case the cash and bank transitions must be carried more attentively along with the bank reconciliations. Skilled processes, extended time is required in the case of cash and bank transactions audit. Financial costs showed a positive decline in the year 2017. This was marked by the issuing of payoffs, receipts and interest incomes. All this can be summoned up to say that Nanosonics is coming up as a huge success in 2017. Increase in dividend distributions along with increase in audit samples has also been seen as in comparison to the previous year. Mass volume with large chunks is involved now which can increase the threats of manipulations. Licenses obtained from various government authorities, permits and quality control boards should be the put up at top priority with systematic checking system (Nanosonics, 2017). Attentive checking of the purchases is recommended so that no imperfect material is bought at an exaggerated price. The account involving the data of assets and stocks should be paid attention in order to eliminate any manipulation that can be done in order to set the profit image high which is practically a discrepancy and false statement (Hoffelder, 2012). Five areas where there are risks related to material misstatements The report will now discuss five sectors where there are severe chances of high material misstatements. The type of audit and its timing is determined by some factors like purchase of property, plant, and equipment. All this is grouped under material account segment. High investments are seen in the company with respect to its pattern of business which involves expansion priorities because of which the property could have been bought. Not a very high difference in seen in investment figures this year as in comparison to the year 2015 in which the investments were also high. This will make the investments a threat stricken sector, where fraud, misstatement, and indiscretion are probable (Kaplan, 2011). Manual analysis of the assets bought or sectors were money is invested is a very significant bustle. Checking must also be done in these cases: The land deeds, matched with bank statements. Bills of plants and equipment purchased Requisition lists New sites or showrooms opened, and New franchise or expansion deal. Charging of proper depreciation. Intercompany or Intra Company transfers to related parties. These are the key points that are needed to be kept under utter surveillance. Materiality level The companys materiality level of investments is as follows: The value of investments that are undertaken during the year 2016 amounts to 9.5 million dollars. Furthermore, the balance of total assets at the end of accounting year amounted to $9925000 Level of materiality= 0.005% Hence, materiality= $ (0.005% of 9925000) = $496.25 Furthermore, impairment of intangibles is another risk factor for Nanosonics. The reason behind this can be attributed to the fact that there was no impairment of the same in both 2017 and 2016. Based on the accounting policies and estimates, intangible assets are examined annually for impairment if changes in situations signify that they may be impaired. However, except for goodwill, only the non-financial assets suffered impairment during the period. The carrying values of liabilities and assets can be influenced by the risk of material adjustment through the accounting estimates on share-based payments, deferred taxes, provisions, and employee benefit liabilities (Lapsley, 2012). Secondly, the transactions that are associated with related parties are also prone to material misstatements because it signifies relationship betwixt two parties that can influence the real value of transaction taking place between them. This can result in affecting the financial situation of the company (Nanosonics, 2017). In relation to Nanosonics, there are various related party transactions that have taken place within its framework. Besides, it can also be witnessed that the directors of the company still owe the huge amount of resources to the related parties that is not a good sign. Therefore, for future audit plans, such transactions with the related parties must count as an area of material risk and hence, additional auditing processes must be implemented to ensure that the financial situation is not negatively affected (Livne, 2015). Therefore, the level of materiality can be calculated as follows: Sale of products to the related parties= $2055438 Interest charged= $1115 Purchases of goods from such related parties= $255861 The total value of transactions with the related parties = $2312414 Materiality level= 0.005% Hence, materiality= $(0.005% of 2312414) = $115.62 In relation to the aforesaid, powerful internal controls are required in such segment because there are higher possibilities of embezzlement of funds owing to the interest of directors in such transactions. Thirdly, it can be observed that there is also a risk of miscalculation of foreign currency risk in the financial statement of the company (Nanosonics, 2017). However, the same can be utilized for self-interest purposes and there is a higher chance of embezzlement of funds in such scenario. Moreover, this is the reason why an audit plan can play a key role in protecting the company from such fund embezzlement. The income of $771000 has increased from $11000 and the same can be attributed to net exchange foreign gains on foreign currency forward options and contracts. Furthermore, the other income of $780000 of the company consists of $771000 of only foreign exchange gains that are a dubious scenario (Nanosonics, 2017). Such risk of foreign currency risk can result in an economic risk for the company. Besides, the net foreign exchange losses of the company in 2017 were $1032000 in comparison to $541000. Such variations in the computation of foreign currencies clearly shed light on the fact there have been miscalculations in the foreign currency currencies (Manoharan, 2011). Thus, the level of materiality can be computed as follows: Total other income= $780000 Income from net foreign exchange gains= $771000 Level of materiality=0.005% Therefore, materiality= $0.005%*771000= $38.55 Fourthly, it can also be seen that the company exerts too much dependence upon its portfolio of intellectual property. Such portfolio is crucial for saving the existing revenue streams of the company and protecting its business in the development of new products and entry into new markets (Merchant, 2012). Such reliance on intellectual property portfolio may have some costs associated with it and the company has failed to reflect the number of such costs in its annual report. This is a risk of material misstatement in the companys accounts because it does not offer true financial information about the performance and affairs that may not satisfy the requirements of stakeholders in making relevant decisions (Manoharan, 2015) Fifthly, it is observable from the annual report of the company that its inventories have increased in comparison to the last year. The number of inventories in the year 2017 amounted to $7728000 whereas it reflected $6935000 in the year 2016. The question is that the sale of goods and services of the company have also increased in comparison to the last year, which clearly shows that the level of inventories must have declined and not increased in comparison to the last year. The figure of sales amounted to $67507000 in the year 2017 whereas it depicted $42796000 in the previous year. Hence, such inflated value of inventories clearly shed light on the fact that a material misstatement has occurred and the company may have done it for its economic interests (Nanosonics, 2017). In simple words, the overinflated value of inventories plays a key role in exaggerating the total value of the stored goods and materials. In most of the cases, such overstated inventories are the reasons for u nintentional errors or fraudulent manipulations(Messier et. al, 2005). Thus, the level of materiality can be computed as follows: Total inventories= $77280000 Income from sale of goods and services= $67507000 Level of materiality=0.005% Therefore, materiality= $0.005%*77280000= $3864 The aforesaid evaluations are essential for the survival of an organization. Besides, audit processes and their effectiveness ascertain the benefits of overall engagement of audit plan. Therefore, such strategy is necessary because it offers a path for the partners to determine the audit plan for the company (Roach, 2010). Nanosonics is a huge company with the maximum amount of resources spent in research and development for the purpose of preventing infections. Such operation is very crucial in the current working environment because functioning for the benefit of the public is all what the stakeholders need. Besides, audit planning will still be required if the scale of operations is not higher in nature (Nanosonics, 2017). Nevertheless, audit planning prior to engagement is a strategy that can be followed by the auditors to enhance its effectiveness. Moreover, it assists a company coping up with all the challenges that persist in the current working environment. Identification of what can go wrong Intangibles Therefore, these estimates must be ascertained carefully and for such purpose, the base of such estimates must be carefully verified. Nevertheless, since the impairment of goodwill is absent in the companys financial, its fluctuations cannot be determined properly. Transactions associated with related parties Moreover, higher the engagement of an authority in a transaction, riskier it becomes to find out the same. Therefore, even if maintenance of strong internal controls is implemented, it will become simpler for the company to turn around the situation for the purpose of its self-interest (Matthew, 2015). Hence, additional audit processes must be undertaken together with an enhanced check on the scale of such transactions Risk of miscalculation of foreign currency Such risk is a further dimension of risk that offshore investors must take into account. Even though the risk of foreign exchange specifically caters to the undesirable movements that may result in losses, it can be beneficial for the company to benefit from such situations with the significance for additional value and beyond that of a pre-existing stagnant investment (Matthew, 2015) Portfolio of intellectual property Therefore, if the value of same was present in the financial statement of the company, it would have assisted in reflecting the materiality level of risk that can allow an auditor to plan corrective actions in contrast to the same. Inventories The company has easily attained the position of overinflating its inventory in order to affect its net income by exaggerating the net earnings for the accounting period. This material risk must be identified by the auditor because it can allow the company manipulate its accounts for its own interest and safeguard itself from legal actions (Nanosonics, 2017). Such evaluations require strict and enhanced audit plan that plays a key role in detecting such material misstatements. Moreover, if such risks remain unidentified, the company may attain the position in influencing other segments as well that can avoid stakeholders in making valuable decisions (Matthew, 2015). Conclusion Auditing standard 300 can be thought of as the godfather of the comprehensive processes mentioned above, which decides the planning of an audit of the financial report. In the early stages of auditing processes that is planning, the auditing partner and its staff accumulate and get familiar with the company and its environment. This helps to detect material misstatements related to the company article. The ending of the planning phase is followed by interaction with the management about the recorded data during the planning term and those charged with governance (Niemi Sundgren, 2012). If the management is lenient in such cases or the auditing partner finds out that association with the current company is harmful for its professionalism then it can choose to dump the company with a notice to the management. Investigative procedures and proportional loom should be the weapons of the auditor against risks and prior material misstatements. These are the comprehensive procedures prescri bed by various accounting and auditing which need to be followed by the auditing partner prior and in the duration of conducting any audit. References Baldwin, S. (2010) Doing a content audit or inventory. Pearson Press. Cappelleto, G. (2010) Challenges Facing Accounting Education in Australia. AFAANZ, Melbourne Elder, J. R, Beasley S. M. and Arens A. A. (2010) Auditing and Assurance Services. Person Education, New Jersey: USA Fazal, H. (2013) What is Intimidation threat in auditing?.[online]. 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